Dbq: the Black Plague

AP European History August 31, 2012 DBQ: The Black Plague From the late medieval era to the enlightenment a series of plagues devastated European society, economy, and social/political structure. Reaction toward the calamity ranged from rational and proactive to irrational, egoistic, and even criminal. Over all, the human devastation revealed a growth over time in government role and the role of the educated class in serving society, while uncovering a persistent criticism of the upper classes and the common people. The plague illiated a growing rational and proactive response, by the state and educated class.In 1512 Erasmus, a Christian humanist who prepared a new edition of the Latin and Greek testament, he was also known for his techniques using humanism to write his texts, proposed a scientific explanation blaming uncleanliness for the plague (Doc 2). The plague was carried around by rats which contributed to the dispersion of the bacillus. The areas that were the most susceptibl e to the plague where those with the most famine. In 1571 Heinrich von Staden, count of the Palestine, observed some of the cardinal consequences of the plague such as roads being guarded so that infected people didn’t move from the infected area (Doc 5).The closing of roads led to a disruption in trade throughout Europe. This had a major impact on economy. Only upper class people were able to afford the expenses required if they got infected. In 1576 Motto of Giovan Filippo, physician who is believed to be the first person to have described chicken pox, concluded that diseased had to be in quarantine, citizens who violated health regulations had to be punished and all infected items had to be burned (Doc 6). Not everyone could afford to pay quarantine and the ones who could pay for it were those who didn’t need it.The people who were the most affected were the peasants and they couldn’t afford it. By the 15th and 16th centuries the educated class started findin g new techniques to treat the diseased. In 1630 Father Dragoni, priest, helped by assisting the needed and providing economic supplies (Doc 9). This auxiliary movement was useful to many and made of him an example to others. In 1647 H. de Rochas, French physician, believed that hanging toads around the patient necks would draw out the poison (Doc 10). Many physicists such as Rochas were trying to find a cure.The plague also brought irrational and egoistic responses by different levels of society. In 1484 a schoolmaster at Deventer, when asked how his school was doing he responded by saying that only 20 of his students were killed (Doc 1). During this period in time only upper class citizens were capable of affording private schools. The rich didn’t have the necessity to go out of their houses. For this reason students wouldn’t go to school anymore and that way less upper class people were getting infected.In 1523 Nicholas Versoris, author, pointed out how rich people c ould fly away of the infected area leaving behind the poor (Doc 3). This type of people didn’t care about the rest, they egoistically thought and worried only about themselves. The people left behind were the most susceptible ones to getting infected. During the 15th and 16th centuries the upper class society was still blinded acknowledging reality. In 1656 Sir John Reresby, traveler, decided to travel to Italy knowing about the plague and religiously trusting his god that he wouldn’t get infected (Doc 12).Many upper class people didn’t care or didn’t take serious the severity of the plague. Most would travel all over Europe without caring if the disease was being expanded by them. In 1624 Lisabetta Centenni, common housewife, proposed that supernatural forces had cures his husband (Doc 7). During this era there were many people that were blinded by the church making them believe in forces out of the human sight and understanding. This kind of reasoning l et to people avoiding medical treatment because of religion. Such reasoning was introduced to the population by the church and its over leading power.In 1635 Nehemiah Wallington, English puritan, gave sight to his egoistic reasoning by listing the way he thought the plaque would take his family and by leaving him at last (Doc 8). In 1720 M. Bertrand, physician at Marseilles, is proposing that the plague has been caused by an angry god rather than natural causes (Doc 16). During this era there were many pagan people left that believed that everything was caused by the gods. This way of reasoning that led many to die praying to a god instead of looking for real remedies. People had really strong beliefs towards pagan gods.To those people the gods were the ones that directed every single part of their life. If some natural disaster occurred this kind of people wouldn’t think irrationally and would say their gods were angry at them. Criminal and social collapse was another major cause of the plagues caused by common people and the educated class. In 1583 Johann Weyer, German physician who was one of the first to be against witch persecution , said that people were getting paid to spread the plague so that the heirs of the dead and diseased obtained their inheritances (Doc 4). Such criminal acts were common and many people died from it.In 1651 Miguel Parets, Barcelona tanner, published that nurses were abundant during the time of the plagues so they would kill their patients in order to get their payment (Doc 11). Criminal levels were rising and people didn’t know who to trust anymore. Most people from the low classes were growing corrupt or with the necessity of having to steal or kill for food. In 1665 Samuel Pepys, English bureaucrat, said that people weren’t buying wigs anymore because they were afraid to get infected (Doc 13). Economy was going down because of the plague. People were afraid to buy and many weren’t even aloud in the roads.In 1722 Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, said that all trade stopped between them and other trading nations of Europe because they were all afraid of getting infected (Doc 14). Trade had officially collapsed for the infected area. No other nation wanted to risk their citizen’s health by buying goods from this area. In 1696 Emperor Leopold commissioned the â€Å"Plague Column† in gratitude for the end of the plague (Doc 15). The image shows a man knelt on the right side illustration praying and looking towards the sky were angels and saints are flying. On the left side of the image is a bible.

Personal Barriers to Online Learning Essay

Online learning or e-Learning refers to application of electronic technology for the delivery of instructional content or knowledge domains. Beamish et al. (2002), defines e-Learning as: â€Å". . . a wide set of applications and processes allied to training and learning that includes computer-based learning, online learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. These services can be delivered by a variety of electronic media, including the intranet, internet, interactive TV and satellite. † In spite of the great flexibility and varied range of tools that e-Learning can provide to imparting education, implementing any e-Learning system can be a complicated and complex endeavour and online learning can be a very frustrating experience for the student as well as the teacher. A number of personal barriers affect students and teachers alike in any online learning system. Personal Barriers of Students The technology available with students determines the nature of the course content to a large extent. Students may simply not have the required bandwidth to access high-end multimedia content. The course designer has to tailor the contents to suit the technology availability of the students. This is especially true of e-Learning courses catering to international community scattered all over the world. In such cases severe constraints may have to be imposed on the utilization of technology resources available at the end of the imparting institution. The design would then have to optimized for dial-up users with at the most 800Ãâ€"600 pixel monitor screen resolutions. In fact, many universities take special care to ensure prior to registration that their respective e-Learning course content is accessible to the students. â€Å"Technical infrastructure deficiencies on the student side can impede course activities, especially in an online distance-learning environment. † (Arabasz, 2003, pp. 42) The proficiency level of the student in using ICT tools would enhance or undermine his e-Learning experience to a great extent. In the international context it would be unwise to expect uniform familiarity with ICT usage. A student, previously not exposed to ICT, will therefore not only have to handle the course requirements, but will also have to acquire the requisite skills in ICT to pursue the course effectively. From the learner perspective, literacy and IT skills and aptitude for self-direction, being confident and motivated to participate in online learning have also been identified as potential barriers to effective online learning (Australian Institute for Social Research, 2006, pp. 15). The factor that students have to study in isolation in an e-Learning system has triggered off many debates. Many perceive this isolation as a crippling obstacle to the development of e-Learning systems for higher education. Brouner and Flowers (1997) even suggested that the lack of human interactions in the incorporation of technology into higher education would have to be effectively made up by increased human contact. The e-Learning environment lacks the discipline and time regulations imposed on students in conventional education. This requires students to be more motivated, better time managers and more attentive during e-Learning sessions. The lack of the proximity and personal touch of the instructor as in a traditional classroom can create a communication chasm that both the instructor and the student may find difficult to surmount. In a situation where eye contact and proximity are limited, students cannot be disciplined nor affirmed by eye contact and body language (McKnight, 2000). Time is another constraint that affects online learning negatively. Whilst education has now extended geographically it has limited students with time restrictions (Jones et. al. , 2004, pp. 14). Trials and Tribulations for the Faculty Time is perhaps the biggest investment that the instructor has to make. The amount of time required to develop and maintain an e-Learning course is usually not anticipated by the people involved. The instructor has to spend a lot of time on restructuring and reengineering the course for e-Learning delivery. A complete over hauling is required. Instructors also need to give time for technical and pedagogical training as instructions in e-Learning differ radically from conventional approaches. Last but not the least, the instructor has to spend considerable time corresponding or communicating with students. A very important aspect of e-Learning is the views or approach of the instructor. The instructor could be trying to make the e-Learning experience as good and fruitful as the conventional classroom’s. It is a case of trying to replicate the conventional classroom in e-Learning. The second approach could be the instructor’s effort to improve the instructions through the medium of e-Learning. The instructor will have to decide on which approach to adopt, a decision that could profoundly influence the very character and quality of the e-Learning content. Technical issues can hamper an instructor’s efficiency or performance. The instructor is often not familiar with the technologies that are utilized. Development in multimedia would require knowledge of Flash, Shockwave and similar tools. It is difficult to find persons skilled in both the application technology and the field of education. The problem of technology extends to the teacher who may not be proficient in the software. The dependency on technology also tends to undermine the faculty’s confidence at times. â€Å"Are things going to work when I’m in the classroom? Will the Internet be up? Do I need to bring back-up materials on a disk? Will the last instructor have left things in good shape? These [issues] may be more basic than you’d expect, but dependability is still a major issue. † (Arabasz, 2003, pp. 41) Online Learning therefore requires very careful planning and implementation in order to achieve success.

Minor Disorders in Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a time when a woman’s body will go through numerous adaptations in order to accommodate the fetus. During these physiological adaptations, the organs such as spleen and liver and systems such as the endocrine and circulatory systems will be affected. A woman can experience minor disorders that are most likely the result of hormonal changes on the smooth muscle and connective tissues. This paper endeavours to describe some of the minor disorders in pregnancy in particular, heartburn (reflux oesophagitis), constipation, haemorrhoids, dermatoses and epistaxis.The major physiological reason for heartburn (reflux oesophagitis) in pregnancy is due to the relaxation of the LES(lower esophageal sphincter) and the decreased tone and mobility of the smooth muscles, which is caused from increased progesterone. As the fetus increases in size, pressure in the abdomen compounds, decreasing the angle of the gastroesophageal junction. This allows for oesophageal regurgitation, le ss time for the stomach to empty and reverse peristalsis (Blackburn 2007; Stables & Rankin 2010).The main symptoms of heartburn are a â€Å"burning sensation† in the chest or back of the throat. Other symptoms may include eructation, difficulty in swallowing, and an acid or metal taste in the mouth. In terms of advice, there are some standard measures that can alleviate symptoms. These include examining the woman’s diet and eliminating foods that might aggravate, eating smaller portions and more frequently, sleeping in upright positions and avoidance of eating closer to bedtime (Law et al. 2010; Vazquez 2010).Constipation is known to affect more that 40% of women during their pregnancy (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007). In looking at the physiological reason for constipation, increasing levels of progesterone affects bowel motility and reduces the peristaltic movement of the gastrointestinal tract. This is turn then increases the time food is passed through the gut ca using increases in electrolyte and subsequent absorption of water in the large intestine. Motilin a hormone that assists faeces to pass through the colon is also decreased by the levels of progesterone (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007).Constipation could also be the result of hyperemesis gravidarum (pernicious vomiting in pregnancy), or ingestion of prescribed iron tablets for anaemia (Tiran 2003). A diet rich in fibre and increasing fluid intake can help to ease some of the associated problems with constipation. Laxatives should only be used when dietary changes do not assist. In addition women should be advised that ignoring signs for defecation will compound symptoms (Jewell & Young 1996; Vazquez 2010). The levels of fibre and fluid consumed should be noted by healthcare professionals when attending to women (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007).Haemorrhoids occurs in pregnancy in 25 – 35% of women and in some populations it can reach 85% (Staroselsky et al. 2008). Haemorrho ids occur due to progesterone causing vasodilation in the ano-rectal area. In some cases there is a direct relationship between constipation and the formation of haemorrhoids. Main symptoms are itching, burning, swelling around the anus and bleeding. Pain with bowel movements and bleeding are often the first signs of haemorrhoids. As there is a close relationship between constipation and haemorrhoids, the advice given to women with regards to treatment would be similar to constipation.In (Staroselsky et al. 2008) it is stated that topical treatments and the use of laxatives can reduce symptoms. The integumentary system is no different to any of the other systems affected by physiological changes in pregnancy. There are a number of skin irritations that can cause discomfort to a woman during her pregnancy, but these do not harm the fetus. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is increased by progesterone and oestrogen levels. Chloasma or â€Å"pregnancy mask† is one of the conditions to arise from hormone increases (Stables & Rankin 2010).Hyperpigmentation is the most common skin alteration in pregnancy. About 90% of women will develop linea nigra which is found running from the xiphoid process to the pubis. A common dermatoses found in pregnancy is a condition called PUPP (pruritic urticarial papules and plaques) The development of PUPP in pregnancy is 1 in 160 (Sachdeva 2008). This usually occurs in the primagravida in the third trimester and in rare cases in the first and second. In (Brzoza et al. 2007; Roth 2009) the reasons for PUPP is unclear but suggestions are made that maternal weight gain in primiparous women is the cause.Interestingly statistics show that 2. 9% of twin pregnancies and 14% of triplet pregnancies develop PUPP. It is thought, that abdominal distension, hormonal, autoimmune and change in partners (implication of paternal antigens) could attribute to the condition. Conditions such as Pemphigoid gestationis (PG), Intrahepatic cholestasis o f pregnancy (ICP), and Atopic eruption of pregnancy ( AEP) require the monitoring from dermatologists, obstetricians, midwives and other relevant healthcare practitioners as they do pose high risks to mother and baby (Brzoza et al. 007; Sachdeva 2008). With PUPP the main symptoms women complain of is an intense itching usually around the abdomen and in some cases breasts, upper thighs and arms. In the case of PUPP’s, the application of topical steroids, emollient creams and ointments may be applied and in severe cases oral treatments may be sought (Roth 2009). Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is considered a minor disorder but in one study has proven to be life threatening. Oestrogen rises, which causes hyperactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system which in turn causes nasal congestion.One of the other reasons is systemic blood pressure increases in pregnancy. Complications from nosebleeds is rare, but if not monitored could lead to haemorrhage (Hardy, Connolly & Weir 2008). In t his study a woman presented at 26 weeks with epistaxis but 48 hours later continued to bleed and surgery was the outcome. There is also evidence that chronic rhinosinusitis can lead to epistaxis. One study 44% of women between the ages of 26-30 and presenting in the third trimester appeared to have the highest incidence of epistaxis.It must be noted that though this study was conducted in a third world country where nourishment, hygiene and education are an issue, there are potential risks of epistaxis in pregnancy. (Purushothaman 2010) Maternal morbidity in pregnancy is very well researched and evidence based, but the impacts that minor disorders have on a woman’s family or her emotional state is not well documented. However, there is one such Australian study stating the impact on women. In (Gartland et al. 2010) it showed that 68% experienced multiple disorders which had a cumulative effect and therefore greater impact.What is interesting in the study was that women aged b etween 18-24, had a poor perception of health, socio-economic and education issues. In comparison to those older women who had stable relationships, well educated and better perception of health. The study demonstrated that a woman’s support network, access to professional advice and education can greatly impact her wellbeing and those around her. This assignment has explained the physiology and reasons for minor disorders in pregnancy. It is important that midwives and relevant healthcare professionals monitor women so as to prevent further complications to mother and child.The health and wellbeing of a mother and her unborn child is always the utmost priority of healthcare professionals. . References Blackburn, S. T. 2007, Maternal, fetal & neonatal physiology : a clinical perspective, 3rd edn, Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo. Brzoza, Z. , Kasperska-Zajac, A. , Oles, E. & Rogala, B. 2007, ‘Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy', Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 44-8. Derbyshire, E. J. , Davies, J. ; Detmar, P. 2007, ‘Changes in Bowel Function: Pregnancy and the Puerperium', Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 324. Gartland, D. , Brown, S. , Donath, S. ; Perlen, S. 2010, ‘Women’s health in early pregnancy: Findings from an Australian nulliparous cohort study', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 413-8. Hardy, J. J. , Connolly, C. M. ; Weir, C. J. 2008, ‘Epistaxis in pregnancy – not to be sniffed at! ‘, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 94-5. Jewell, D. ; Young, G. 1996, Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy, John Wiley ; Sons, Ltd.Law, R. , Maltepe, C. , Bozzo, P. ; Einarson, A. 2010, ‘Treatment of heartburn and acid reflux associated with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy', Can Fam Physician, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 143-4. Purushothaman, L. P. a. P. K . 2010, ‘Analysis of Epistaxis in Pregnancy', European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 387-96. Roth, M. -M. 2009, ‘Specific Pregnancy Dermatoses', Dermatology Nursing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 70-81. Sachdeva, S. 2008, ‘The dermatoses of pregnancy. (Review Article)', Indian Journal of Dermatology, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 103. Stables, D. ; Rankin, J. 2010, Physiology in childbearing : with anatomy and related biosciences, 3rd edn, Bailliere Tindall, Edinburgh. Staroselsky, A. , Nava-Ocampo, A. A. , Vohra, S. ; Koren, G. 2008, ‘Hemorrhoids in pregnancy', Can Fam Physician, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 189-90. Tiran, D. 2003, ‘Product focus. Self help for constipation and haemorrhoids in pregnancy', British Journal of Midwifery, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 579-81. Vazquez, J. C. 2010, ‘Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy', Clinical Evidence.

ESSAY To what extent has the nature of power in Western liberal

To what extent has the nature of power in Western liberal democratic states changed in recent decades In your answer, ex - Essay Example Modern democracy can be dated from the late 18th century although medieval Poland and some states of the Greek cities had democratic aspects. Democracy as the rule by people. In order for a country to be considered democratic, it should choose its leaders using competitive and fair elections. It should adhere to the constitution and ensure fundamental civil liberties. While some analysts assert that a democracy needs to have a strong civil society, civic culture, and capitalist economy, others do not include these criteria when defining democracy. Democratization is therefore the process by which a country adopts such a regime as defined above. This means that when a country is democratized, it is democratic. It also means that every other person is entitled to his or her opinion regarding matters that concern governance. Unlike dictatorial regimes where one voice speaks and others follow, in democratic regimes it is the voices of the majority rule. This means that in case of electio ns or matters that bring disagreement, every person is given an opportunity to stand by what he or she thinks is the right option. As stated above democratization is a relatively recent practice. In the early days, monarchs ruled nations. These were kings and queens and in some cases, the church. The king’s word was final. ... There however seems to be little agreement among political analysts regarding how the process of democratization occurs, including the criteria used to ascertain if democratization has indeed occurred. Many countries adopt democratic governments only to watch them collapse through military coups and other revolts that lead to authoritarian regimes. The first pointer is that citizens should be able to govern themselves by conducting regular elections, which determine their top leaders periodically. This is referred to as representative democracy. These regular elections also serve as avenues through which policies that govern the people are chosen. An example is the voting process which determines if a constitution is to be passed or not through a referendum. Secondly, the right to vote is accorded to all adults. This however has been a recent addition since governments that were referred to as democratic not so long ago used to exclude women, slaves, and free males who did not meet c ertain literacy or property requirements. If a country restricts this franchise from the voting process, then it cannot be considered as democratic. A perfect example is the apartheid regime in South Africa whereby the only people who voted were minority whites. The third indicator is the acceptance of democratic rights. These particular rights include the right to contest for the highest office, the right to have everyone’s vote count equally, the right to vote and the right to create and form political parties and groups. Then there is a law, which is above the state. All authorities on the particular country should adhere to this law. It provides the framework for democratic rule and protects the democratic rights of the people. Therefore,

Capital Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Capital Budgeting - Essay Example And when we search for scientifically viable definitions of these basic concepts, we discover that a debtor who is illiquid is a debtor who is temporarily unable to pay his or her debts, whereas the insolvent debtor is permanently unable to pay his or her debts. Time is thus an element in the concepts. A problem of invisibility arises with regard to solvency/insolvency because the solvency or insolvency of business enterprises is not apparent in traditional financial statements, even though such state ments claim to give a "true and fair view." Consequently, traditional financial statements are worthless as a means of describing the financial position of business enterprises."(Kirdegaard, 1997, p.39) Using the time value of money approach, the total first class airline tickets bought at $.1,300 less the flier discount of $200 would translated to the following data below. The total tickets from year 1 to year 10 is $2,807,200 as indicated in the above computation. The present value of the $2,807,200 is $1,917,843. This is computed because the company has entered into a ten year contract with the airline company resulting to a flier discount. The difference between the cost and present value is $889,357.04 or thirty two percent (32) of the cost of ten year contract tickets. This is the amount that the company will save if this alternative is chosen(Ross, 1996;p179-206). Year 1 2 3 4 5 Flights per year 50 53 56 59 62 at 4 persons per flight 200 212 224 236 248 First Class $1,100 220,000 233,200 246,400 259,600 272,800 Year 6 7 8 9 10 Flights per year 65 68 71 75 79 at 4 persons per flight 260 272 284 300 316 First Class $1,100 286,000 299,200 312,400 330,000 347,600 Alternative 2 PV factor Cost2,500,000.00Present Value10 payments 14% 250,000 x 5.2161 = 1,304,025.00Present Value 325,000 x 0.2697 (87,652.50) Difference1,195,975.000.48Using the time value of money approach, the present value of the ten year installment payments amounting to $250,000 is $ 1,304,025. Also, the present value of the scrap value when the airplane will lose its flying use and will be sold is $ 87,652.50 which is deducted from the present value of the airplane purchase. The difference between the cost and the present value where the $2,500,000 is paid in ten equal annual installments is $1,195,975. This can

Proposing the Puchase of a Mac Book Pro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposing the Puchase of a Mac Book Pro - Essay Example Mac on the other hand is known to be pricey however the price would be right based from the claims of the reputable company. The Mac is said to have a long, productive life because its engineers and designers spend much time to make sure that every unit is made to perfection, considering every detail from the outside to the inside. To prove this, Apple does not only describe its productivity but also features its software that allows multiple tasks at the same time where speed in retrieving files is greatly considered. In addition, there are other functions the computer can do at a high quality performance like editing pictures, enhanced movie experience, playing musical instruments and many others (apple.com). Furthermore, the Mac claims a fully integrated system because the hardware and software are produced by the same company, making everything work perfectly for the best possible performance (apple.com). These features of the Mac make it the best brand for the organization to bu y, for the best exchange of the amount of money invested on such a machine therefore, the next step would be to look further to the models offered by the company. The Apple Pro Mac, Apple iMac and Mac Book Pro will be well considered for the best purchase to be proposed for the organization. The Apple Pro Mac has two 64 bit 2.66 Gigahertz (GHz) dual core intel Xeon processors which is a great advantage over the iMac because this ensures a fast speed for the functions performed in the computer. The Apple Mac on the other hand has a core 2 duo processor which has a speed of 2.4 GHz only thus, will be slower compared to the first computer. In addition, the two computers have a Random Access Memory (RAM) of 1 Gigabyte (GB) but the Apple Mac’s is expandable to 16GB therefore, the latter is able to save more data as opposed to the iMac. The Apple Mac is far better featuring two firewire 800 ports and two firewire 400 ports against iMac’s only one of each port, enabling acces s to more devices connected to the computer where the speed is still fast despite the various connections. There are also five Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports in the Apple Mac which also allow more devices to be inserted as compared to the three USB ports of the iMac. The two models have the same operating system (OS) considered one of the most advanced, the Leopard, containing core operating system components with improved functions in managing files. Apple Pro Mac has more advantages that have are not featured in iMac like a 250 Gigabytes hard drive which is essential in storing data and other important materials like songs, videos and pictures. There is also a 16x superdrive in the aforementioned model which is an additional storage drive that enables the computer to hold several information, allowing it to store data gathered in a longer period of time as compared to the iMac (Wetzel 2008). The Mac Book Pro on the other hand is a notebook which gives the advantage to the organi zation for easier transport of the machine in case there will be outside activities like concerts, camps or seminars. The

Type II Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Type II Diabetes - Research Paper Example This equates to approximately $1 of every $10 health care dollars spent caring for this illness. Like all other healthcare issues in the United States, this cost has only increased in recent years. Although the statistics in the U.S. are staggering, the International Diabetes Federation reports that of the ten most diabetes-prone countries in the world, seven of them are developing countries that don’t typically have access to the best treatment, medicine or have reliable reporting techniques to be able to track the illness. Diabetes increases an individual’s risks of stroke and heart disease as well as present a number of other health problems. â€Å"These life-threatening consequences strike people with diabetes more than twice as often as they do others† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). Other complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. â€Å"In some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle Ea st, the percentage of the diabetic population ranges from 12 to 20 percent† (Dorfman, 2007). Regardless of one’s position within the medical profession, one should have knowledge of this illness and the way in which it can affect patient health. Insulin is the primary factor involved in diabetes. A healthy body produces insulin as a means of managing the levels of glucose within the bloodstream. Glucose is a simple sugar that enters the body through consumed food and makes its way into red blood cells as one of the body’s primary sources of energy. In a healthy body, the levels of glucose remain relatively constant, giving the individual a stable source of energy throughout the day. This is accomplished through the production of glucagons and insulin, both specific forms of hormones produced by the pancreas. The insulin acts as a regulator of glucose, preventing it from disproportionate increases. Type II diabetes refers to ‘non-insulin-dependent’ or

Leadership and Employee Morale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Creative memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creative memoir - Essay Example My nanny saw me and took me in her arms and tried explaining that my beloved grandmother had passed away and the people were mourning for her. My grandmother laid on a makeshift wooden bed in the living room. Soon people started moving from the house to go prepare the burial ground where she would be buried and I could not understand the burial process. I had a lot of questions about it and I approached my father who was accompanied by other men. He explained that they were burying her in the ground in a hole and close up the hole with dirt. Even though I did not understand the ritual, I knew that underground was full of insects and they would surely eat my grandmother and harm her. There was also a lot of mud on the ground and I was adamant right then that I would not go underground amidst all the mud and insects but this statement only raised laughter all around my uncles. I realize now after reflecting on that moment that all of us have to die someday and according to my culture be buried underground in a grave. Further reflection makes me understand that they were laughing at my innocence and lack of knowledge of our culture and the world in general like I do now. Meanwhile inside the house, my mother who was stricken with grief sat done on my grandmother’s bed crying her eyes out. Since no one was providing me with answers about death, I assumed my grandmother would hear me and explain it herself. All my efforts to talk to her were futile as she could obviously not hear or understand. Throughout my childhood, I did not understand the issue but years later I came to understand the issue of death. My mother fainted soon afterwards and was taken to my grandmother’s bedroom to be attended. I accompanied her out of curiosity as to what had happened to her as well as out of concern mixed with fear. The room was filled with nine other people all talking animatedly about the life of my grandmother and her good selfless deeds all around the neighborhood and

Trading Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trading Techniques - Essay Example The day-trading technique involves the strategy of taking a position in the market so that the return against the trading could be optimised at the end of the day. In this technique, the day trader focuses on the movement of the share price throughout the day. The positions taken in the day-trading technique is only for a few seconds or minutes. The trading of shares and the returns and risks related to the trading of the share are realized at the end of the day. The position of share trading is not carried over to the next day (FAMA, 1970, p.385). Thus in the day-trading technique, the trader could determine the net position of profit and loss on a daily basis. The swing trading technique requires the trader to identify the trends of the share price movements of the stocks. The swing in the share prices over a particular range could be identified to be favourable by the trader in which the trader desires to maximize the returns of the stock with the swing of the increasing share prices (JEGADEESH and TITMAN, 1993, p.68). The technique of swing trading is not a speedy process of trading as the trader holds the stock positions for days and weeks as per the analysis of the swing movement of the share prices. The effective implementation of swing trading techniques helps in the growth of equity base. There are various types of swing trades. The swinging stock price may depict up swings which reflect increasing prices of stocks, down swing which reflect declining prices of stock, short swing movements and the long swing movements. The position of the stocks is held by the trader based on the anticipation of the swing movement of the share price s (LO and MACKINLEY, 1988, p.48). The trend trading is another technique where the trader determines the movement of the share prices in the long run. The trend trading techniques is a simple technique of optimizing the returns from the ongoing fluctuation trend of the share prices and anticipation of how far

Institutions of Globalisation Essay Example for Free

Institutions of Globalisation Essay Firstly, the Institutions of Globalisation must be reformed. Unintentionally, globalisation has come to be governed by several key institutions. Best known are the World Trade Organisation, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. If globalisation is to work for everyone, these institutions must be reformed. They must be made to look after all of the worlds countries, not just those they represent. Secondly, there must be an ending to northern double standards. Developed countries preach free trade, but often fail to practice it. Recently, France, one of the key members in the Doha talks, stubbornly refused to open up its markets and allow in Agricultural imports particularly the cheaply produced goods from the Third World. Generally, the EU taxes Third World exports and dumps its subsidised products in developing country markets, destroying local livelihood. When new WTO rules are drawn up, they usually reflect the balance of power within the organisation, therefore benefiting the richer countries. Certain kinds of subsidies are often permitted in the North but banned in the South. Rich countries must help poor countries by promoting economic growth that is equitable and environmentally sustainable; they must help developing countries build effective government systems and promote health and education for their people; and must use new technology to share skills and knowledge with developing countries. Rich countries can work with developing countries to put in place policies that will attract private financial flows and minimise the risk of capital flight. They can fight to strengthen the global financial system, encourage international co-operation on investment, competition and tax that promotes the interests of developing countries, support an open and rules-based international trading system, and work to promote equitable trade rules and an effective voice for developing countries. A vital step is to support continuing reductions in barriers to trade, both in developed and developing countries, and work to improve the capacity of developing countries to take advantage of new trade opportunities. By strengthening developing countries capacity to participate in international negotiations, lesser-developed and emerging economies will have the chance to reap the full benefits of globalisation. Unfair trade sanctions were one of the drivers for the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now known as the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Debt relief would be a major factor which could reduce marginalisation. Poor countries are currently paying million of dollars back to rich countries millions which they cannot afford. Debt relief can take the form of cancellation, rescheduling, refinancing or re-organisation of debt. The Debt Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries is a well-known current example. Through Jubilee 2000, many non-government organisations (NGOs) from around the world campaigned for one-off cancellation of the unpayable debts of the worlds poorest countries by the end of 2000. There are particular responsibilities placed on developed countries. It would be pointless to pour millions of pounds worth of trade and aid into poor countries only to then impose trade sanctions and unfair subsidies. All policies, of developing countries, developed countries, international institutions and society, must be consistent with a commitment to sustainable development and reducing poverty. Poor countries need to be given the chance to be heard. Open and effective global institutions are needed where they can fight for their interests on a more equal level. The UK government is committed to help eliminate world poverty, and to co-operate with other governments and international institutions as part of a broader international effort. Three years ago the government published its first White Paper on International Development Targets3, which focused on the reduction of abject poverty4 in the world. The targets, which include a reduction by 50% in the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2015, and progress towards gender equality and empowerment of women by 20055, are supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the EU, and the OECD, as well as many heads of states. Although the targets are challenging, leaders believe that if the correct national and international policies are implemented, the targets will be achieved. It is pointed out, however, that progress is dependent on national governments in all countries strengthening commitment to reduce poverty to ensure that all countries benefit and that some are not missed out. The UK government believes that the benefits of globalisation for poor countries substantially outweigh the costs, especially in the longer term. The rapid integration of the global economy, combined with advances in technology, is creating unprecedented global prosperity, which has helped to life millions out of poverty. With the correct policies put into place, many millions more stand to benefit in the years ahead. CONCLUSION We have seen that poor countries that are able to increase their participation in the global economy have higher growth rates, faster poverty reduction, and more rapid increases in education. It is vital that poor countries are able to integrate into the world economy in ways that reduce, not increase, inequality and poverty. Reform of global institutions have a key part to play in this. However, the first and perhaps most important step for globalisation to benefit all in the future is for rich countries to open their protected markets to the poor, which should help to reduce world poverty and inequality. Poor countries with around 3 billion people have broken into the global market for manufactured goods and services. Whereas 20 years ago most exports from developing countries were primary commodities, now manufactured goods and services dominate. This successful integration has generally supported poverty reduction. Examples can be found in China, India, Bangladesh and Vietnam. The new globalisers have experienced large-scale poverty reduction; during the 1990s the number of their people who were poor declined by 120 million. Integration would not have been feasible without a wide range of domestic reforms covering governance, the investment climate, and social service provision. But it also required international action, which provided access to foreign markets, technology and aid. One of the most disturbing global trends of the past 2 decades is that countries with around 2 billion people are in danger of becoming marginal to the world economy. Incomes in these countries have been falling, poverty has been rising, and they participate less in trade today than they did 20 years ago. It is easy to see that globalisation is not a force that can be ignored. It is all around us, in every aspect of our lives. Within countries, globalisation has not, on average, affected inequality. The rapid growth in the new globalisers can be a political opportunity for redistribution policies that favour the poor. Promoting education, particularly for poor people, is equalising, improves health standards and enhances the productivity growth that is the main engine of poverty reduction. There will, however, without a doubt, be winners and losers in each society. Good social protection policies can be a key factor in helping people prosper in this more dynamic environment. It appears that the solution to the problems, that especially countries such as China and Africa seem to be facing, is not the halting of the globalisation process, but the opposite. The expansion of free trade to include the developing countries in Africa and China and elsewhere It appears that these countries are not poor because of globalisation, but in large part because this globalisation has passed them by. The road ahead seems not to lie in the reduction, or remodelling of globalisation but the expansion thereof, and expansion to include the areas in the world which globalisation has so far been passing by. The 49 least developed countries account for nearly 11% of the worlds population, but only 0. 4% of the worlds exports and that small percentage has been falling. Wage levels differ between countries according to the levels of education and productivity. The experience in countries like Korea is that as countries develop, their wage levels rise and the focus of their industry shifts from labour intensive to more capital and knowledge intensive industries. Globalisation creates unprecedented new opportunities and risks. If the poorest countries can be drawn into the global economy and get increasing access to modern knowledge and technology, it could lead to a rapid reduction in global poverty as well as bringing new trade and investment opportunities for all. But if this is not done, the poorest countries will become more marginalised, and suffering and division will grow. In order to make globalisation work for the poor we need not just strong and vibrant private sectors, but also effective governments and strong and reformed international institutions. Governments and institutions need to work collectively to tackle the problems of conflict and corruption, boost investment in education and health, spread the benefits of technology and research, strengthen the international financial system, reduce barriers to trade, tackle environmental problems and make development assistance more effective. It is clear that openness is a necessary but not sufficient condition for prosperity. No developed country is closed. The poor countries that have been most successful in closing the gap are those which have opened up their economies to world markets in order to build strong export sectors and attract inward investment. However, the majority believes that the future of Globalisation is bright. Even September was a remarkable positive month, especially in the US. The country has recently signed new agreements with Jordan and Vietnam; and negotiations to bring China into the World Trade Organisation look close to a deal. The new trade rounds at Doha promise to deliver liberalisation of agricultural markets, allowing less developed countries the chance to gain a share of these markets and profit accordingly. A breakthrough at Doha just as the world economy appears to be entering its worst slowdown in a generation could be a hugely symbolic victory for those proposing further trade liberalisation. Globalisation in the future is inevitable. However, it is agreed on all accounts that in order for it to benefit as many people as possible, changes must be made. Those institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank, as well as individual governments, must all make vital changes in order to better prospects for everyone in the future. To conclude, global economic integration has supported poverty reduction and should not be reversed. But the world economy could be and should be much more inclusive. The growth of global markets must not continue to bypass 2 billion people. The rich countries can do a lot, both through aid and trade policies, to help the currently marginalised countries onto the path of integration that has already proved to effective for the new globalisers. BIBLIOGRAPHY CAFOD Briefing  www.globalisationguide.org

LVMH’s company Essay Example for Free

LVMH’s company Essay Strengths LVMH has a strong brand positioning meaning that the company strongly placed itself as a leader in the luxury sector. The company offers more than 60 brands of high value perception and identity to their customers. Due to high customer loyalty, image of their brands and value perception those brands are less affected by economic cycles. Most evidently, LVMH expressed resilience against the economic conditions specifically in 2009 and 2008. This is an indicator that the strength of their brands enables their revenues to sustain growth even through touch economic situations. This is due to their huge customer base across the globe accompanied by their loyalty; thus, making their penetration to new markets with quick. The associations of LVMH with celebrities and major events have enabled them to enhance their luxury positioning. For example, Charlize Theron represents the J’adore perfume by Dior, while Moet Chandon positioned their communications platform to events like the Oscars and the Golden Globe. Those marketing strategies were aimed in order to increase their brand visibility and recall. Moreover, their customers are targeted successfully through enhancing their brands images. All in all, those associations would eventually augment the luxury and its value that LVMH aims at building. Weaknesses A shortcoming in LVMH’s company is their limited presence in the retail division. This means that the company is highly dependant on sales to retailers. This in turn has caused the company’s luxury goods vulnerable to destocking by their retailers in order to avoid losses. Most evidently, the wines, jewelry, and watches departments were highly affected negatively by the retailers destocking. Therefore, this has made LVMH’s revenues in danger of destocking made by retailers. There is also a weakness evident in the conflict of interest within the company, where LVMH would be categorized into two major segments: fashion vs. liquor markets. However, the company’s broad acquisition of the art  auction market Pury Luxemborg has been questioned due to some criticism that it adds more burden to LVMH. This is yet another criteria to the conflict of interest believed to be internally dealt within the company. Opportunities The luxury market is believed to be a growing market in the emerging economies. The growing high net worth individuals (HNWI) in a lot of countries across the globe is an indicator that the sales of luxury products are estimated to increase. In effect, LVMH has been focusing in increasing their investment in emerging countries, such as the Middle East, in their hopes that higher growth rates will be evident. Moreover, LVMH was able to assess the trends in those markets specifically in Asia’s market in order to succesfully penetrate them. Hence, the growth of the HNWI’s wealth accompanied by the structure of investments to reach to a broader customer base would intensify and diversify LVMH’s revenue flow. LVMH owes a great deal of their market share to their products on women’s accessories. This would include their brands in handbags, jewelry, and watches amongst many others. Although the fashion accessories has seen a downfall during 2009; nevertheless, it is hinting that it is uprising to a recovery into growth since 2010. Most notably, women handbags were the most notable in the accessories market growth inversely reacting to the market’s decrease during the same time. Those leather goods have been a great indicator in both the men and women’s categories in the market share that there is a high growth of sales and revenue. Even if key markets have been experiencing low growth due to the economic collapse and recovery, the accessories market proves as an opportunity to LVMH for growth. Selective retailing provides an opportunity to LVMH in one of the most growing markets in the world: China. Even though selective retailing has seen a decline in growth due to restrictions in spending due to less amount of travelers; however, China tourism is predicted to show a robust expansion. The economic liberalization; as well as, the constant development and transformation in China boosted their tourism industry. Some indicators  have been predicting that China would be a leading tourism destination by 2020. Therefore, LVMH has been focused on launching its selective retailing in China in order to take an advantageous stance from this growing tourism in terms of revenue.

Help Fonterra Take Advantage Marketing Essay

Help Fonterra Take Advantage Marketing Essay The Report has been designed to identify the current organizational restructuring could be applied to help Fonterra take advantage of strategic opportunities in the global market. The first part deals with the consumers, suppliers and competitors operating environment and develop strategies that position the firm most favorably in relation to competition and influence industry structure in order to enhance industry attractiveness. (Robert M. Grant, 7th edition, p.64) The Second part covers Fonterras stated mission, vision, strategies, targets, goals and values, and structure and systems. The suitability of these strategies to the operating firm environment are then evaluated and the change of strategy development is recommended. (Robert et.al, p.12) The report also indulges with the macro and micro environmental scan, present evolution of Fonterra, key strategic issues. It also identifies some of the key risk and opportunities faced by Fonterra. Introduction Fonterra at glance Fonterra is a dairy company, which was formed in 2001, and since than it has excelled and enlarged the milk processing and became the fourth largest dairy company in the world. Fonterras annual turnover is NZ$19.9 billion. They have built powerful relation with other dairy companies globally and its partnerships extent the world. Fonterra believes in the interest of people so that they can increase their global market. (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010) Fonterra is the biggest diary exporter with 11,000 farmers and these farmers are only the shareholders of the company. All these members supply milk to the Fonterra Company for processing milk into the dairy products. 95% of dairy products made in New Zealand are exported to almost 140 countries in the globe. Principal hubs of Fonterra are located in Auckland, Melbourne, Chicago, Singapore, Amsterdam, Tokyo, Shangai and Sao Paulo. All the sales and marketing in controlled and managed by these principal hubs.14 billion litres of milk is collected every year. (Fonterra Co-operative group, 2011) Fonterras strategy is to lead in dairy. Following are product list which Fonterra produces: cheese, yoghurts, cultured foods, butter, liquid, powdered milks. Following are the brand list of Fonterra: ANCHOR, ANLENE, ANMUM, FRESH N FRUITY, MAINLAND, CAPITY, BROWNES, SOPROLE, WESTERN STAR, PERFECT ITALIANO, TIP TOP AND CHESDALE. (Fonterra Co-operative group, 2010) 1.2 Reports Structure and Objectives The report aimed at highlighting the main objectives, vision of the company and for developing a strategic plan. The Report has been designed to identify the current organizational restructuring could be applied to help Fonterra take advantage of strategic opportunities in the global market. Specifically, lowing the dependency on commodity markets and grasping knowledge as a means to pursue value added growth through Fonterras alliance and brands. The strategic foundation of the report is divided into two parts: a) The Industry Environment b) The Firm Environment The first part deals with the consumers, suppliers and competitors operating environment and develop strategies that position the firm most favorably in relation to competition and influence industry structure in order to enhance industry attractiveness. (Robert M. Grant, 7th edition, p.64) The Second part covers Fonterras stated mission, vision, strategies, targets, goals and values, and structure and systems. The suitability of these strategies to the operating firm environment are then evaluated and the change of strategy development is recommended.(Robert et.al,p.12) The report also indulges with the macro and micro environmental scan, present evolution of Fonterra, key strategic issues. It also identifies some of the key risk and opportunities faced by Fonterra. Strategic Foundations 2.1 The Industry Environment Dairy companies for years have been the important industry in New Zealand. In 1871 at Otago, the first dairy company was set up. By 1920, 85% of dairy factories were owned by co-operatives were as there were about 600 processing factories. By 1930s there were almost 500 co-operatives but it was after World War 2 there were improvements in these dairy factories such as transportation, technologies and working systems which led to a change of consolidation, where the dairy co-operatives started merging with the other factories or companies and since than became bigger and lesser in number. At the end of 1990s, there were four dairy companies: The Waikato (New Zealand Dairy Group) The Taranaki (Kiwi Co-operative Dairies) Westland Milk Products Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company With the merger of the two largest companies, New Zealand Dairy Group and Kiwi Co-operative Dairies, Fonterra was formed along with the New Zealand Dairy Board. Fonterra has the four sales channels which together sells around 2.3 million MT of product. Fonterra Global Trade It was the worlds first online trading centre and since then NZ$1 billion product was supplied. It indulged with lots of dairy commodities which include milk, powder, butter and cheese to reach the markets in the globe such as The Middle East and Africa, the Americas and Oceania and Asia. Fonterra Ingredients This channels sells specialized dairy ingredients for the manufacturers in the four countries such as US, Japan, Western Europe and Korea. Fonterra Brands Fonterra sells the branded products to the customers and consumers in more than 40 countries in the globe. The Anchor and the Tip Top brand is oldest brand of Fonterra. Fonterra Foodservices It provides dairy ingredients and dairy brands to the consumers or customers such as fast food chains, airline catering centers, hotels and restaurants. Strength: Access to efficiently produced, high quality milk. An integrated business model. Strong global reach. Established customer relationships. Strong consumer brand positions in selected markets. Strong, broad product portfolio. Efficient farms.( Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2012) Weakness: Leadership uncertainties affecting the moral of the organizations. Frequent changes among board members. Largest markets are under represented in strategic Association of Professionals (Apex) Business structure relating to redemption risk, farmer choice, and capital for growth. (Keith Woodford,2008) Opportunities: Global demand exceeds the supply. China and India will make up about 50% of growth in global demand for milk over the next 10 years so the share of the market opportunity will increase. Forecast global volume demand growth of atleast 100 billion litres by 2020. Value growth driven by customer and consumer needs in each geography. Investing in underdeveloped countries which are experiencing rapid growth globally.( Country wide and Fonterra co-operative Group,2012) Threats: Global demand exceeds the supply New Zealands market restrictions structure and relative low cost may attract the new entrants in the market. Threats from the increasing global competitors. Few organizations can rival the diverse skills found in the business.(Kate Askew, 2012) Global Reach, Local Touch Fonterra produces the products, they distribute and sell these ready to use products around the globe, the brands gives the consumers the combination of world strength and local knowledge. They aim to have a deep and close understanding of customers demand and there changes in lifestyles, taste, eating and needs which vary from one market to other market. For example what customers prefer in Asia may not be the choice of those living in East Africa. Hence to meet the customer needs there is a group of local teams knowing the local consumers preferences and habits. (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010) The suppliers of Fonterra (New or Existing): Growth Supply Contract Fonterra provides an offer of Growth Contract system to the suppliers. All milk from provided to the new entrants and additional surplus milk from existing Fonterra contract suppliers. Deposit for new supply The new suppliers need to give their 100% of shares purchased just before they start beginning the supply. Owning shares With a new initiative, the suppliers can also share the capital cost of growing supply with the sharemilker where they can hold their own share. Maximizing the earnings of the supplier Through specialty milks suppliers can achieve much more profit over the standard payment of milk. Conditions for new land For new dairy land the suppliers must contact area managers. 2.2 The Firm Environment Vision, Mission, Strategies, Goals and Structure: Fonterras vision is to be the natural source of dairy nutrition for everybody, everywhere, every day. Its strategy is to expand in large numbers globally, aim at high-value areas of dairy demand and make targets to achieve it quickly. Fonterra targets to build strong and long-term relationship with the partners and maintain the undertaking from the bottom level of the organization. (Fonterra cooperative Group, 2010) Its Group Strategy is to increase the volumes and create more and more value by focusing more on new markets, and new products that meet the consumer needs for dairy requirements. It should be firm and have a deep look at the strengths, social and economic changes for increasing demand or needs for the dairy products. Fonterra calls it as the three Vs: Volume Value Velocity. (Theo Spierings, 2012) The societies in which they are indulged are related to this vision and they aim to be a sustainable dairy business. They look into-depth to be socially responsible towards everyone which includes there employees, consumers and partners. They focus at accomplishing right means of employment to keep the customers safe and healthy, the minimizing the damage to the environment, by creating new and healthy products.(Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010) The Fonterra currently have new strength to achieve its goals, where it deals over 100 separate and different projects many of them already have started making progress.   It includes: An extreme move on the rapidly growing well known markets of China, ASEAN and Latin America where Fonterra already has a strong influence. It believes the New Zealand milk business make better return on capital. Development by combining milk pools (secure, high-quality sources of milk integrated with Fonterras business) abroad to carry higher value returns back to New Zealand and protect New Zealand exports. Increasing volumes of higher value consumer branded and out-of-home nutrition. A firm focus on meeting the advanced nutrition wants of mothers and babies, as well as ageing populations supported by targeted innovation in these areas as well as out-of-home nutrition. (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010) Fonterras seven strategic paths: Optimize New Zealand milk Build and grow beyond our consumers position. Deliver on food service potentials. Grow our position in mobility. Develop selected leading positions in paediatrics and maternal. Selectively invest in milk pools Alignment of business and organization to enable strategy. ( Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, 2012) Fonterras aim is to continue to do well in the globally traded market, while capturing the international growth opportunities in fresh dairy. Dairy demand through to 2019 is expected to be: India (highest) 45 million MT China 36 million MT rest of Asia 19 million MT Latin America 18 million MT Middle East/North Africa 13 million MT. With the exception of the trade-protected market of India, Fonterra has well-established positions in each of these markets. Fonterras strategy is to develop strong customer partnerships with leading companies in the food and nutrition industries to become their supplier of choice, and to continue to build its brands in growth markets within Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. With large international customers wanting the confidence of a year-round, global supply, Fonterra is increasingly complementing New Zealand-sourced milk with overseas supply, to provide and continue supporting the growth of fresh consumer dairy products. In 2010/11, Fonterra sourced 22 billion litres of milk globally, including 20 percent of Australias production and 24 percent of Chiles, both countries where Fonterra has well established consumer brand operations. In Latin America it sourced 2.6 billion litres of milk for its joint venture with Nestlà ©. New Zealand milk collection was 15.4 billion litres, representing around 89 percent of the countrys milk production. Growth in global sourcing will continue with Fonterra aiming to develop its own milk production capabilities within key growth markets. China is one example and there are feasibility studies currently underway involving opportunities in other markets such as India. Fonterra have always been extra ordinary at the simple nutrition of dairy. For years, its farmers work hard to give quality milk to number of people around the world. They have passed their farming expertise down through the generations, keeping alive the time-honoured traditions that have catapulted New Zealand to the forefront of the world dairy industry. (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010) 3 Environmental Scan 3.1 Macro environmental scan Globally the demand for the milk by the consumers will increase by more than 100 billion litres by 2020, as there is economic growth and increased population in markets which is pushing the growth demand, where as New Zealand is expected to contribute just 5 billion litres of additional milk supply by that time. With the overall increasing demand, Fonterra needs to increase their milk quantity to be on a safe position as a leading dairy exporter. At present, the demand for milk has increased especially among the young and the elderly which are getting more urgent and specific.(Theo Spierings, 2012) PESTEL Analysis: (Oxford University press,2007) Political: Trade protectionism and restrictions including trade marks, labeling, bio-diversity, free trade arrangements and quotas arguments, guide sustainable action in the dairy Economic: Fluctuations in foreign currency, increase in demand rather than supply globally, production of commodity and milk prices. Continued consolidation of suppliers and customers. Social: Rapid increase in needs of consumer markets, demand in healthy and nutritive dairy milk and products. Traditional differences with regards to the demand of milk. Growth in nutrition and bio markets. Technological: Increase manufacturing efficiency while bringing down operating costs is the challenge, technology for product streams which requires indirect heating and cooling by each other, to  continue in the same way developing innovative farm to factory practices, implementation of new innovative technology to achieve cost, time and waste savings across the whole business,need of technology for fewer trucks which are required to transport the same quantity of milk. Environmental factors: Frequent changes in New Zealand weather have a great impact on the environment, as the need for product changes from season to season, reducing impact of global greenhouse gases as it will improve the quality of New Zealands environment. They have effective and safe management of farm practices that protects the environment from the pollution. Legal: Legal challenges for the requirement of healthy and safe environment. Threats from new entrants coming into the markets, following the legal procedure and laws for the minimum wages and working hours. Fonterra must come up with education units for training and educating the farmers for teaching about how to manage farm effluent, how to improve the quality of water, how to reduce energy use and waste from site. Farmers should be provided by the time limit to ensure that they meet the deadlines according to the rules and regulations. Fonterra requires focusing at upcoming projects to expand its relation in terms of partnership so that they can give much better services such as can give more and higher-value products to the customers throughout the world. Fonterra has earned a lot in countries like Latin America, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Middle East but they should aim at profit buffer above the average return of the product, which is very important in times when there are commodity at lower price. There are two possible outcomes in the near future as the increase in demand can be divided into two parts, globally the overall demand for the dairy commodities in traded market is forecasted to increase by 1.2% where as the annual increase in dairy is forecasted to be 4%. Every year there is an increase in demand for dairy products by 2.7 %, where as in a decade time the demand is forecasted to be 147 billion litres. Level of competition has increased at very high level even though the Fonterra has maintained their global reach, this is Fonterras biggest strength as they know that lifestyles, taste and choices is different from place to place. To meet the particular demands of the customers the regional team is appointed to deal with requirement of the consumers as they will know the local demand. 3.2 Micro Environmental Scan Since the Fonterra was formed in 2001, it almost every year they had a market share in excess of 95% of all New Zealand milk product, but it had a fall at 90% in 2008- 2009, with further falls is still expected.(Keithwoodford,2008) The supply of milk by Fonterra has increased slightly, this is a big challenge for them as they aim at increasing the supply. In marketing sector the competition from the new entrants has increased rapidly this is one of the reason for Fonterra to redeem risk more than as it was in the past. It is a fact that at present they make it very easy for the new entrants to take interest in dairy farmer suppliers by keeping a high value share on the fair value share which is actually not related to the add value to the component of the milk price. (Keithwoodford,2008) As the redemption risk is high of their shares, Fonterra should have an optional business structure which will not only help in meeting their growth strategy, but also help in reducing their redemption risk of the shares as they can properly distribute returns to the suppliers or farmers. To meet the business strategies, objectives, goals and all legal procedures, Fonterra must emphasis on effective risk management. They should maintain the balance between the working of board and management and must have a healthy relation with the consumers, stakeholders, suppliers, shareholders, government and employees. Their should be a Formal strategy development which delivers substantial process and content dividends giving more strategic perspective, for setting priorities and making key decisions. Customers demand for the products keeps on changing, several customers demand much more better quality at same price. These changes in demand show that, the Fonterra can expect that in future their consumers will demand much better quality at same price. The new customers demand for those product or services which were never been created ever before, and old customers demand for the new services or product features. This creates a tensed situation as we need to focus on both current and new consumers. Whatever may be the choice, its difficult to manage this situation which can at arise at any time. (Bain Company, 2005) Fonterras deals with perishable products, so its very difficult to transport these fresh milk products economically at a long distance. Furthermore, it deals with very high trade barriers on dairy products. To deal with this trade barriers and transport issue they must establish strategic step to increase the efficiency in the working. (Gehlhar M.J,2009) Fonterra should use their research and development for establishing much more quality products, healthy products, those products which are naturally and ecologically are consistent. They must aim to establish their image in the minds of young customers as they are life-long customers. (Gehlhar, M.J,2009) Fonterra should convert on their capabilities as they can earn much more returns on the product rather than just being a branded manufacturer. Fonterra can maintain their leadership if they can differentiate their product features offerings from those of the competitors. To sustain as a leaders in the market it requires branding power and product innovation. (Gehlhar, M.J,2009) Fonterra should change its overhead expenses so that it can target on rapidly growing markets. Targets should be to exit unprofitable, uncompetitive and non-core categories and markets. Number of improve efficiency and effectiveness of corporate centers.(Fonterra Co-operative Group,2012) Fonterra supplies are secured through the co-operative structure but the threat exits if they can not make competitive milk payouts to the shareholders and suppliers. Competitors may respond to trade liberalization through increasingly global growth strategies. Evaluation Fonterra has changed their direction at higher value markets, they have greatly managed to maintain the same strategies of its firm which is at high volume and at low cost leadership. By an analysis macro and micro environment a number of issues have been highlighted. Fonterras ability to maintain the position is at risk and its structure limits its ability. Within the dairy industry there is a clear view that the current Fonterra capital restructuring proposals are not acceptable. They necessarily need 75 percent shareholder approval but at present it displays to be very low. The farmers at present are continuously rejecting the proposal but it does not mean that farmers are avoiding the change but they want to be sure with the dependency of the final outcome. (Allio, M.K,2005) Fonterra should have special capabilities inspite of being capable of differentiating their products. They should include physical input that should be used in food manufacturing so that the new products can be serve but can be differentiate from those of competitors. (Allio, M.K,2005) There is increase in healthy, convenient and environmentally friendly foods products in overall world food markets. There is a replacement of mass customization with mass production. So Fonterra should be practical for the changing present environment opportunities for branded food manufacturing by applying successful product differentiation strategies. To be at the same position, Fonterra should be capable in customer marketing, process innovation and product innovation. Differentiating a product may provide an organisation a competitive benefit as differentiated products have a unique or special attributes and there is a need for an organisation to develop unique capabilities which are not followed by competitors. Biology and science supports the dairy organisation not only in on-farm production but also in dairy product manufacturing. With the help of biotechnology, Fonterra can modify the workings along biological systems, either by using the natural resources or more advanced technological tools. (Datamonitor,2008) To develop some specific products, Fonterra must use a nutrition and health team that aims at specific health advantage. The team should be trained to target at world consumer health concerns such as: gastrointestinal health, immune health, dermatology, infant nutrition, sports health, bone health, therapeutics and animal health. Fonterras focus on the establishment of new products will definitely help to increase there demand in consumer products. (Datamonitor,2008) Fonterra should take a responsibility for educating the customers to promote some of the products. Guiding the market in their favour rather than allowing the market to guide the firm. They should use their particular capabilities to influence the new markets as to get hold on the new market. As said above they should provide consumer education as well and at the same time they must give more choices of products to their consumers. (Chris Bart, Nick Bontis,2003) At present there is rapid changes in the business environment, there are many so many unknowns and unpredictable situations arising in the business so there should always be an optional plan or strategy ready for these kind of situations. When industries can consolidate (or fragment) at breathtaking speed; when regulations can overnight either unleash or cripple marketplace participants; and when the price and availability of critical inputscan fluctuate wildly So the task of Fonterras strategy development must now be undertaken under conditions of extreme uncertainty.( David Calfee,2006) Winning strategies will therefore incorporate multiple scenarios for Fonterra to generate a range of feasible strategic solutions; they will also retain significant flexibility to allow rapid adjustments as industry or marketplace conditions change and alternative scenarios become more attractive. (Veit Etzold, Ted Buswick, 2008) Products come and products go in the business. Product life cycles that trace the rise and fall of a product. For example, the Walkman with the cassette enjoyed great popularity in the Eighties before it was displaced by the Discman. This was then displaced by the MP3 player, which in turn was displaced by the Apple iPod. And it is highly probable that the iPod will be displaced too one day by yet another product. So the firm should always have an altenative strategy . So demand can change with the time so Fonetrra must be flexible in meeting those demand within the time frame. (Veit Etzold, Ted Buswick,2008) However, if adequate changes are not made, or if made but its not sufficient to prevent the danger of financial risks, it should use the monetary policy as a secondary option for addressing those risks proceeding cautiously and always keeping in mind the inherent difficulties of that approach. (Tristan Nguyen,2011)

The Tommyknockers and Nuclear Energy :: essays research papers

The Tommyknockers and Nuclear Energy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tommyknockers, a book seemingly about an alien ship buried in a small town in Maine that affects the townspeople, has a much deeper message about humans and our usage of nuclear energy. There is much evidence to confirm that King as strong views on nuclear power and is trying to convey them in the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King’s book about himself, On Writing, includes a reference to nuclear war in a passage about his early life. â€Å"I was born in 1947 and we didn’t get our first television until 1958. The first thing I remember watching on it was Robot Monster, a film in which a guy dressed in an ape-suit with a goldfish bowl on his head-Ro-Man, he was called—ran around trying to kill the last survivors of a nuclear war. I felt this was art of quite a high nature.† (34). He later references nuclear superpowers as a fix to overpopulation and a chance to start over (202). Before getting to The Tommyknockers, King seems to have strong ideas about nuclear war. He sees it as the end of the civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word â€Å"nuclear† appears 39 times in The Tommyknockers. The first mention (on page 56) speaks of fear of a power plant during an earthquake. On page 98, one of the main characters, Jim Gardener, thinks to himself â€Å"insanity of nuclear power† and proceeds to ramble on about conspiracies, meltdown cover-ups, and its overall dangers until the end of the chapter on page 114.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Internet article titled with the quote â€Å"†¦late last night and the night before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  has a lot to say about the dangers of nuclear energy being a motif in The Tommyknockers. The author makes the comparison of the way the ship changes people (known as â€Å"The Becoming†) and effects of radiation poisoning. â€Å"The Becoming† also gives people the power to build tremendous technology, such as a super hot water heater or a mind reading typewriter. However, it neglects to give them comprehension of what they are doing. The comparison to nuclear energy there is â€Å"a society of people playing around with powers they don’t understand.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In On Writing, King says â€Å"I don’t believe any novelist, even one who’s written fortyplus books, has too many thematic concerns; I have many interests, but only a few that are deep enough to power novels. These deep interests (I won’t quite call them obsessions) include how difficult it is—perhaps impossible!—to close Pandora’s technobox once it’s open (The Stand, The Tommyknockers, Firestarter) (207)† One can argue however that nuclear energy is potentially one heck of a Pandora’s box.

Symbolism in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: essays research papers

Symbolism in Kate Chopin's The Awakening Kate Chopin's The Awakening is a literary work full of symbolism. Birds, clothes, houses and other narrative elements are powerful symbols which add meaning to the novel and to the characters. I will analyze the most relevant symbols presented in Chopin's literary work. BIRDS The images related to birds are the major symbolic images in the narrative from the very beginning of the novel: "A green and yellow parrot, which hung in a cage outside the door, kept repeating over and over: `Allez vous-en! Allez vous-en! Sapristi! That's all right!'" (pp3) In The Awakening, caged birds serve as reminders of Edna's entrapment. She is caged in the roles as wife and mother; she is never expected to think for herself. Moreover, the caged birds symbolize the entrapment of the Victorian women in general. Like the parrot, the women's movements are limited by the rules of society. In this first chapter, the parrot speaks in "a language which nobody understood" (pp3). The parrot is not able to communicate its feelings just like Edna whose feelings are difficult to understand, incomprehensible to the members of Creole society. In contrast to caged birds, Chopin uses wild birds and the idea of flight as symbols of freedom. This symbol is shown in a vision of a bird experienced by Edna while Mademoiselle Reisz is playing the piano. "When she heard it there came before her imagination the figure of a man standing beside a desolate rock on the seashore. He was naked. His attitude was one of hopeless resignation as he looked toward a distant bird winging its flight away from him." (pp26-27) In this vision Edna is showing her desire for freedom, desire for escaping from her roles as wife and mother, from her husband LÃ ©once who keeps her in a social cage. After these episodes, the images related to birds are absent form the narrative until the chapter 29. Following the summer on Grand Isle, where she had awakening experiences, she starts to express her desire for independence in New Orleans through her move to her own house, the pigeon house "because it's so small and looks like a pigeon house" (pp 84). The nickname of the pigeon house is very significant because a pigeon house is a place where pigeons, birds that have adapted to and benefited from the human society, are kept cooped up.

The pathogenic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii :: Essays Papers

The pathogenic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii Life History T. gondii is a parasite of warm blooded animals which is present throughout the world. It is the causative agent of the diseases known as Toxoplasmosis. The organism exhibits a definitive protozoan lifestyle.The life cycle begins with an oocyst in the intestines of cats, the definitive host of T. gondii. The oocyst contains bradyzoites or sporozoites. Oocysts enter prospective hosts through ingestion of cat fecal matter. Once inside a host, bradyzoites, after being released from the oocyst, infect the intestinal mucosa. Within the host cell, tachyzoites rapidly divide, eventually rupturing the cell. The released tachyzoites spread throughout the host, repeating the lysis process or forming zoitocysts (which are, like oocysts, filled with bradyzoites) in host tissue. Three weeks after infection, there are no longer tachyzoites present in the tissues. The cysts reenter the cycle when ingested by another host, unless the host is a cat. In this case, oocysts will be formed in the cat's intestine and will be shed. Life Cycle Illustration Microbiological characteristics T. gondii is a protozoan (eukaryote) which exists in several distinct stages. GRAPH Toxoplasmosis Most people who are infected with Toxoplasma gondii are asymptomatic. In some cases, the parasite may cause inflammation of the lymphatic system, resulting in flulike symptoms including fever and muscle aches. These symptoms can last for a month. In fewer cases, the infection results in more severe disease. T. gondii can infect the eyes and brain, often resulting in blindness and severe neurological disease. Neurological damage (encephalitis) occurs in children who contract the infection congenitally and in immunocompromised individuals. In immunocompromised individuals, encephalitis caused by toxoplasmosis progresses gradually. Patients may begin to experience headaches and dizziness, then memory loss, degradation of motor skills, and sometimes coma and death. Congenital infections may result in spontaneous abortion or birth defects including ocular damage and severe mental retardation. Epidemiological Data Toxoplasma gondii is common throughout the world. A CDC study from 2003 showed that in the United States in 1999-2000, 16% of the population aged 12 to 49 years carried IgG antibodies against the parasite. The prevalence is higher in foreign-born U.S. residents.One in one thousand infants born in the U.S. expresses antibodies against T.

Compare and contrast how the two short story writers use the theme of revenge Essay

The two writers Isabel Allende and Guy de Maupassant both use the theme of revenge in many ways in their short stories ‘The school teacher’s guest’ and ‘Vendetta’. Vendetta’s key theme appears to be revenge because of the title, the word Vendetta meaning ‘A bitter, destructive feud.’ Where as â€Å"The school teachers guest† seems, from its title, to be a pleasant story about a school teachers guest. The opening paragraphs of the stories are also different. The school teacher’s guest introduces the murder straight away by the schoolteacher Ines entering the pearl of the Orient and announcing to the character Turk that she had just cut off the head of one of her guests, Allende then goes back to explain why this happened. This is different in Vendetta as the murder does not happen until the very end and it isn’t until the middle of the story that we learn who the vendetta is for. The revenge in Vendetta is also build up in a different way by setting a depressing scene and working gradually into the son’s murder and the widow’s grieving. It also builds up the widow training the dog Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½millante to kill. This is different in the school teacher’s guest, as the murder is announced at the beginning, there is no build up and the killing of the man is more of an act of fate. The reason for the act of revenge is also described more thoroughly in the school teacher’s guest. The accidental murder of Ines’s son is told in lines 24-35 in great detail using phrases such as ‘drilling a black hole in the middle of his forehead through which his life rapidly escaped’. In Vendetta, Maupassant simply states ‘one evening, Antoine Saverini was treacherously stabbed in a quarrel by Nicolas Ravolati, who escaped that same night to Sardinia.’ This is a much shorted but not as thorough way to describe the main rea son for the climax of the story. One thing similar between the two stories is the scene in the aftermath of the son’s murder being described in great detail, although in the school teacher’s guest the act of revenge is almost committed by the towns people rather than swore by the victims mother. The aftermath in the school teachers guest is also more of a community parade, throwing mangoes and marching rather than weeping by the dead boys bedside as the widow does in Vendetta. We are also told more about the murder despite not knowing his name. We know that he is a truck driver and an outsider of Agua Santa. In Vendetta we know nothing of Nicolas Ravolati but his name which does not give him much character to hold a vendetta against. Both Maupassant and Allende use revenge in different ways in their short stories but Allende describes the characters and the reasons for revenge more thoroughly even if she doesn’t set the scene as well. In this way I found the school teachers guest used revenge in better and more high-quality ways.

Education Essays – Egypt Education System

Egypt Education SystemThe extension of the free compulsory instruction jurisprudence in 1981 was one of the grounds to unite the Preparatory Stage, both Primary and Preparatory stages ( Ages 6 through 14 ) together under the label Basic Education, as instruction beyond this phase depends on the pupil ‘s ability. Egypt operates two corresponding instruction systems: the secular system and the spiritual, or Al-Azhar system. The secular system consists of basic instruction which covers the first 8 eight old ages of schooling. The 2nd degree divides pupils between three-year general academic secondary schools and three or five-year vocational schools, as there are three different types of secondary instruction which are general, proficient, and vocational Technical instruction. These types of instruction are provided in three-year and five-year plans, and include schools in three different Fieldss: industrial, commercial and agricultural. The 3rd degree is universities. The Al-Azhar system, which maintains separate installations for male and female from primary to university degree, enrolls 4 per centum of the country’s entire pupils, and is responsible for conveying the mission of Islam and uncovering its part to humanity’s public assistance and advancement. In this system, primary school extends over the first 6 old ages, and preparative school for the following three old ages. Students who successfully complete 4 old ages of secondary school can inscribe at Al-Azhar University.2 Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be the bastion of Islamic cognition in Egypt, was founded in AD 970. There are two sorts of authorities schools in Egypt which are Arabic Schools and Experimental Language Schools. Arabic Schools provide the governmental national course of study in the Arabic Language ; nevertheless, experimental Language Schools teach most of the authorities course of study in English, and add Gallic as a 2nd foreign linguistic communication. Furthermore, there are three sorts of private schools. As Government schools, private schools besides has different types such as ordinary schools, linguistic communication schools, and spiritual schools. First, Ordinary schools have the same manner of instruction of the authorities schools with more concentration on the pupils want and services provided to them. Second, linguistic communication schools have the same educational stuffs as the authorities with the exclusion that all those stuffs are taught in different linguistic communications ; this is beside the high fees those schools requires. The 3rd type of private instruction is spiritual that are established or controlled by Muslim Brotherhood. Their educational course of study is wholly unlike the authorities and Azhar schools. Private schools on Egypt are considered the best instruction because of high and assorted installations offered by those schools. This educational system is supervises by the ministry of instruction However, the Azhar instruction system is supervised by the Supreme Council of the Al-Azhar Institution and considered to be independent from the Ministry of Education, but is finally under supervising by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Azhar schools are named â€Å" Institutes † and besides portion the same phases as the normal educational system which both include primary, preparatory, and secondary instruction. The Azhar schools in all stages teach non-religious topics, to a certain grade ; nevertheless, the bulk of the course of study consists of spiritual topics. All the pupils are Muslims, and males and females are separated in all stages. The Azhar schools are spread all over the state, but overly in rural countries. The alumnuss of the Azhar secondary schools are eligible to go on their surveies merely at the Al-Azhar University. In the early 2000s, the Azhar schools accounted for less than 4 % of the entire registration. There are both private and public universities of higher instruction in Egypt. The difference between them is that Public higher instruction is free in Egypt, and Egyptian pupils merely pay enrollment fees, but Private instruction is much more expensive and is considered to b for the elite, as alumnuss of such schools by and large do really good on their concluding secondary school scrutinies, which ensures them entree to what are considered as elect modules. Presently 98 per centum of alumnuss from secondary schools enter higher instruction. The higher instruction sector in Egypt is comprised of universities and establishments of proficient and professional preparation. The system is made up of 12 public universities, 51public non-university establishments, and 4 private ( for net income ) universities. In May 2000, there were 18 pending applications to open extra private for net income higher instruction establishments. Of the 51 non-university establishments, 47 are biennial in-between proficient institutes ( MTI ) , and 4 are four or five-year higher proficient institutes ( World Bank, 2000:1 ) . The major public universities are Cairo University ( 100,000 pupils ) , Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, and the 1,000-year-old Al-Azhar University. While the American University in Cairo, the German University in Cairo and the Universite Francaise d'Egypte is of the taking private universities in Egypt. Entry into the secular university system is based on the consequences of the Secondary Educational stage. Harmonizing to the article â€Å"Egypt, † â€Å"only pupils go toing general academic secondary schools were eligible to matriculate ; nevertheless since 1970 universities have been inscribing some pupils from vocational schools. The Placement Bureau of the Ministry of Higher Education controls admittance, and there is alegion clausesimposed by the Supreme Council of Universities ( SCU ) on admittance at institutional and province levels† . Al-Azhar University system, unlike other systems, requires certain certifications like a Secondary School Certificate from the Al-Azhar instruction system and a Certificate of Koran Recitation from a Koran Recitation Institute or keep an Al-Azhar sheepskin. Non-university instruction is offered by industrial, commercial, and proficient institutes which provide 2-year classs taking to diplomas in accounting, secretarial work, insurance, computing machine or wellness scientific disciplines and electronics. Technical instruction schools provide 5-year classs taking to progress proficient instruction sheepskin in commercial, industrial, and agricultural Fieldss. Although the American University in Cairo ( AUC ) has existed since 1919 as a private university, Egypt merely legalized Egyptian private universities in 1992 when the People’s Assembly passed a Law # 101 leting the constitution of private universities. The most indispensable consideration is that the Minister for Education must O.K. the assignment of private university, as presidents, and non-Egyptians can non busy taking places in private universities without the ministry’s blessing. The 2nd critical facet is that the Supreme Council of Universities indirectly supervises private universities and is responsible for monitoring criterions to guarantee that graduation certifications from province and private universities represent an equal instruction degree compared with the governmental certifications. â€Å"In May 2002, the private universities’ commission was replaced with theprivateuniversities’ council.The council has the same powers as the Supreme Council of Universities, which regulates public universities.† Many Peoples assume that private higher instruction establishments in Egypt are s establishments that â€Å"sell†grades to those who can afford the university expanses. Critics of private higher instruction in Egypt besides argue that private higher instruction is at odds with the rules of the1952 Revolution, which called for equal entree to educational chances for all citizens. Egypt is considered the state that has the largest higher instruction systems in the 3rd universe as it contains about 1.670 million pupils. Egypt relies in its instruction on biennial proficient institutes to go on supplying entree to all secondary school alumnuss while protecting the already overfed universities. Technical institutes enroll 40 per centum of all secondary school alumnuss. This deficiency of fiscal, human, and material resources consequences in hapless quality instruction in most universities and is considered by many people as non academic establishment. The figure of higher instruction pupils per 100,000 dwellers is 1,900 in Egypt compared to 1,132 in Morocco ; 1,236 in Algeria ; and 1,253 in Tunisia. Surveies on the societal category and educational backgrounds of province university pupils have revealed inequalities of entree to what are considered as high status/elite modules. To better the educational system in Egypt administration and control of higher instruction should be obtained by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Supreme Council of Universities ( SCU ) , and the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes. The Ministry of Higher Education has a legal authorization over higher instruction by oversing and commanding the instruction, planning, policy devising, and quality control on primary and preparative schools and developing for basic instruction for instructors. The Supreme Council of Universities formulates is the 1 responsible for policy devising and decision making or commanding the figure of pupils to be admitted to each module in each university. Furthermore, supervising and disposal of the Al-Azhar higher instruction system is the duty of theCardinal Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes, which is a section of the Supreme Council of Al-Azhar that is responsible for the development of the general policy and planning to enable the spread of Islamic civilization and Arabic linguistic communication. In official discourse, instruction in Egypt is â€Å"free† from basic to higher instruction. While officially the province is responsible for funding higher instruction in Egypt, the state’s portion of higher instruction finance for universities was reduced to 85 per centum in 1994-1995, go forthing the universities to bring forth the staying 15 per centum through assorted gross variegation schemes. Sanyal ( 1998:16 ) , and the World Bank ( 2000:40-41 ) place the undermentioned gross variegation schemes adopted by Egyptian universities: ( a ) Charging nominal tuition fees for alternate academic plans that are perceived to be of high quality and presenting other relevant fees. For illustration, province universities have introduced foreign linguistic communication plans for which they charge tuition. Some public universities charge ?E1,000 as tuition for a degree plan in Commerce which uses English as a medium of direction. The figure of appliers in some degree plans in public universities exceeds available infinites, a phenomenon which gives room for universities to bear down tuition. While the tuition charged in this instance is still merely about 33 per centum of the existent cost of the plan, this agreement sets a case in point towards cost recovery in public establishments ( World Bank, 2002:40 ) . Besides, in recent old ages, a new system of admittance to the modules of Law, Commerce, and Humanistic disciplines allows a less qualified pupil to obtain a topographic point on paying an admittance fee of ?E 360 ( Sanyal, op cit ) . The impact of this pattern on the quality has been negative as manifested by a high figure of reiterating pupils in universities. Egyptian pupils pay between ?E30-?E150 per twelvemonth as a nominal tuition fee in authorities funded universities. In add-on, they besides pay necessary equipment, books, transit, and abode fees. The pattern of bear downing nominal tuition fees in Egyptian public universities goes as far back as 1924 when the Egyptian University ( now Cairo University ) started bear downing ?E30 per twelvemonth for all modules with the exclusion of the pharmacological medicine section that charged ?E20 per twelvemonth. This university besides imposed a non-refundable scrutiny fee of ?E1.16 Tuition fee in private universities range from E15,000-25,000. The American University in Cairo-the oldest private university in Egypt, charges a tuition fee of US $ 2,813 for 6 credits and US $ 469 for each extra recognition. ( B ) Income coevals by specialised university centres from: ( 1 ) Cooperation with industry ; ( 2 ) Patent rights ; ( 3 ) Provision of go oning instruction to industrial employees ; ( 4 ) Entree to research lab and scientific equipment ; ( 5 ) Manufacturing intermediate industrial merchandises ; In add-on, In 1998, theInternational Finance Corporation ( IFC) conducted an extended feasibleness survey onthe market for pupil loans in post-secondary instruction in Egypt.This survey recommendedagainstestablishing a pupil loan plan due to the undermentioned grounds: ( a ) limited market size ; ( B ) underdeveloped debt/credit market ; ( degree Celsius ) cultural attitude uncomfortable with personal debt and loans ; and ( vitamin D ) deficiency of a consumer recognition bureau ( World Bank, 2000 op cit: 41 ) . As a consequence of the above recommendations, the Egyptian Government by 2000 was be aftering to set upa ?E100 million-loan planfor destitute university pupils. Under this proposed loan strategy, pupils who canprovethat they are in demand of fiscal aid for education-related disbursals will be eligible to have up to?E1000 pertwelvemonthin authorities loans. The loans are to be involvement free and refund will be spread out over a period of 40 old ages after graduation. Problems and challenges in Egyptian higher instruction system are analyzed in the World Bank’sHigher Education Enhancement Project,which is a portion of a comprehensive reform scheme for higher instruction in Egypt. The higher instruction reform docket was influenced by the National Conference on Higher Education, held in February 2000, and aims to turn to Egypt’s demand to upgrade educational quality in the university sector. Egyptian higher instruction sector faces a figure of challenges including: ( I ) antiquated system-wide administration and direction ; ( two ) low quality and relevancy at the university degree ; ( three ) low quality and relevancy at the in-between proficient degree ; and ( four ) limited financial sustainability of publically financed registrations ( World Bank, 2000:1 ) . The job of financially weak registrations is related to the dramatic addition in registrations in university instruction.For illustration, registrations increased by 42 per centum between 1997/98 and 1998/99 taking to an 8 per centum diminution in per -student disbursement that exacerbated disparities in resource allotment between modules ( World Bank, 2002:41 ) . While the overall outgo on instruction as a proportion of GDP has grown from 3.9 per centum in 1991 to 5.9 per centum in 1998 with higher instruction having a 28 per centum portion of entire outgo in 1998, the dramatic growing of the higher instruction pupil population in Egypt creats a serious job in funding higher instruction. Given the high population growing in higher instruction, to merely keep the portion of 18-22 age group at its present 20 per centum degree ( this is an official policy ) would necessitate on norm an extra 60,000 new registrations in higher instruction for the following 10 old ages ( World Bank, 2000:2 ) . The authorities has no fiscal ability to make this.